TITLE

How to contribute to Raku and to the documents, how to generate the docs locally


SUBTITLE

This document collection represents the on-going effort to document the
Raku programming language with the goals of being comprehensive,
easy to use, easy to navigate, and useful to both newcomers and experienced
Raku programmers.


An L<HTML version of the documentation|https://docs.raku.org> is available.


The official source for this documentation is located at
L<Raku/doc on GitHub|https://github.com/Raku/doc>.


head

All of the documentation is written in Raku Pod and kept in the C<doc/>
directory.  These files are processed are rendered to HTML, and also
processed into some generated pages, using the C<.rakudoc> files as
sources.


The build process is managed through a separate repository,
L<Raku/doc-website on GitHub|https://github.com/Raku/doc-website>.


For a quick introduction to Raku Pod, see L<Raku Pod|/language/pod>.


For historic details about the Raku Pod specification, see L<Synopsis 26, Documentation|https://design.raku.org/S26.html>.


For information on how to contribute to the documentation, please
read L<CONTRIBUTING.md|https://github.com/Raku/doc/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md>.


root

A basic introductory example of a Raku program


Raku by example 101


The extensions recommended for files with Raku content.


Filename extensions


Using Raku official documentation


Brief introduction


para

L<Examples| file:../examples/index.podlite>


L<Download |file:../download/index.podlite>


React

=begin React :component<HeaderCol> :id<menu> 
=para L<Documentation|/doc/introduction>
=para L<Modules| /mods>
=para L<Examples| file:../examples/index.podlite>
=para L<Download |file:../download/index.podlite>
=para L<About|file:../about/index.podlite>
=para 🔍 K<⌘K>/K<ctrl-K>
=end React


HEADER

FOOTER

About the docs


The following table shows all of the valid graphemes usable as opening
and closing paired delimiters in such constructs as I<Pod6 declarator
blocks>.  Note they are shown between pipe symbols so the extra bounding
space for any wide characters can be seen.


The data source for the table is the I<$brackets> string defined in the
I<HLL::Grammar> module in the I<github.com/Raku/nqp> repository.


The data are arranged in the order found in the source string.
Each opening bracket is shown in its printed form followed by its
paired closing bracket. Each pair is then followed by its codepoints.
There are two sets of bracket pairs shown per table row.


table_head

======+======+======+======+======+======+======+======


table_row

--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------


table

=begin table :caption<Bracket pairs>
 LChar | RChar | LHex  | RHex  | LChar | RChar | LHex  | RHex
======+======+======+======+======+======+======+======
\|(\| | \|)\| | 0x0028 | 0x0029 | \|<\| | \|>\| | 0x003C | 0x003E
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|[\| | \|]\| | 0x005B | 0x005D | \|{\| | \|}\| | 0x007B | 0x007D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|«\| | \|»\| | 0x00AB | 0x00BB | \|༺\| | \|༻\| | 0x0F3A | 0x0F3B
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|༼\| | \|༽\| | 0x0F3C | 0x0F3D | \|᚛\| | \|᚜\| | 0x169B | 0x169C
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|‘\| | \|’\| | 0x2018 | 0x2019 | \|‚\| | \|’\| | 0x201A | 0x2019
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|‛\| | \|’\| | 0x201B | 0x2019 | \|“\| | \|”\| | 0x201C | 0x201D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|„\| | \|”\| | 0x201E | 0x201D | \|‟\| | \|”\| | 0x201F | 0x201D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|‹\| | \|›\| | 0x2039 | 0x203A | \|⁅\| | \|⁆\| | 0x2045 | 0x2046
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⁽\| | \|⁾\| | 0x207D | 0x207E | \|₍\| | \|₎\| | 0x208D | 0x208E
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|∈\| | \|∋\| | 0x2208 | 0x220B | \|∉\| | \|∌\| | 0x2209 | 0x220C
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|∊\| | \|∍\| | 0x220A | 0x220D | \|∕\| | \|⧵\| | 0x2215 | 0x29F5
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|∼\| | \|∽\| | 0x223C | 0x223D | \|≃\| | \|⋍\| | 0x2243 | 0x22CD
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≒\| | \|≓\| | 0x2252 | 0x2253 | \|≔\| | \|≕\| | 0x2254 | 0x2255
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≤\| | \|≥\| | 0x2264 | 0x2265 | \|≦\| | \|≧\| | 0x2266 | 0x2267
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≨\| | \|≩\| | 0x2268 | 0x2269 | \|≪\| | \|≫\| | 0x226A | 0x226B
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≮\| | \|≯\| | 0x226E | 0x226F | \|≰\| | \|≱\| | 0x2270 | 0x2271
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≲\| | \|≳\| | 0x2272 | 0x2273 | \|≴\| | \|≵\| | 0x2274 | 0x2275
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≶\| | \|≷\| | 0x2276 | 0x2277 | \|≸\| | \|≹\| | 0x2278 | 0x2279
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≺\| | \|≻\| | 0x227A | 0x227B | \|≼\| | \|≽\| | 0x227C | 0x227D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|≾\| | \|≿\| | 0x227E | 0x227F | \|⊀\| | \|⊁\| | 0x2280 | 0x2281
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊂\| | \|⊃\| | 0x2282 | 0x2283 | \|⊄\| | \|⊅\| | 0x2284 | 0x2285
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊆\| | \|⊇\| | 0x2286 | 0x2287 | \|⊈\| | \|⊉\| | 0x2288 | 0x2289
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊊\| | \|⊋\| | 0x228A | 0x228B | \|⊏\| | \|⊐\| | 0x228F | 0x2290
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊑\| | \|⊒\| | 0x2291 | 0x2292 | \|⊘\| | \|⦸\| | 0x2298 | 0x29B8
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊢\| | \|⊣\| | 0x22A2 | 0x22A3 | \|⊦\| | \|⫞\| | 0x22A6 | 0x2ADE
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊨\| | \|⫤\| | 0x22A8 | 0x2AE4 | \|⊩\| | \|⫣\| | 0x22A9 | 0x2AE3
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊫\| | \|⫥\| | 0x22AB | 0x2AE5 | \|⊰\| | \|⊱\| | 0x22B0 | 0x22B1
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊲\| | \|⊳\| | 0x22B2 | 0x22B3 | \|⊴\| | \|⊵\| | 0x22B4 | 0x22B5
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⊶\| | \|⊷\| | 0x22B6 | 0x22B7 | \|⋉\| | \|⋊\| | 0x22C9 | 0x22CA
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋋\| | \|⋌\| | 0x22CB | 0x22CC | \|⋐\| | \|⋑\| | 0x22D0 | 0x22D1
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋖\| | \|⋗\| | 0x22D6 | 0x22D7 | \|⋘\| | \|⋙\| | 0x22D8 | 0x22D9
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋚\| | \|⋛\| | 0x22DA | 0x22DB | \|⋜\| | \|⋝\| | 0x22DC | 0x22DD
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋞\| | \|⋟\| | 0x22DE | 0x22DF | \|⋠\| | \|⋡\| | 0x22E0 | 0x22E1
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋢\| | \|⋣\| | 0x22E2 | 0x22E3 | \|⋤\| | \|⋥\| | 0x22E4 | 0x22E5
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋦\| | \|⋧\| | 0x22E6 | 0x22E7 | \|⋨\| | \|⋩\| | 0x22E8 | 0x22E9
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋪\| | \|⋫\| | 0x22EA | 0x22EB | \|⋬\| | \|⋭\| | 0x22EC | 0x22ED
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋰\| | \|⋱\| | 0x22F0 | 0x22F1 | \|⋲\| | \|⋺\| | 0x22F2 | 0x22FA
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋳\| | \|⋻\| | 0x22F3 | 0x22FB | \|⋴\| | \|⋼\| | 0x22F4 | 0x22FC
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⋶\| | \|⋽\| | 0x22F6 | 0x22FD | \|⋷\| | \|⋾\| | 0x22F7 | 0x22FE
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⌈\| | \|⌉\| | 0x2308 | 0x2309 | \|⌊\| | \|⌋\| | 0x230A | 0x230B
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|〈\| | \|〉\| | 0x2329 | 0x232A | \|⎴\| | \|⎵\| | 0x23B4 | 0x23B5
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|❨\| | \|❩\| | 0x2768 | 0x2769 | \|❪\| | \|❫\| | 0x276A | 0x276B
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|❬\| | \|❭\| | 0x276C | 0x276D | \|❮\| | \|❯\| | 0x276E | 0x276F
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|❰\| | \|❱\| | 0x2770 | 0x2771 | \|❲\| | \|❳\| | 0x2772 | 0x2773
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|❴\| | \|❵\| | 0x2774 | 0x2775 | \|⟃\| | \|⟄\| | 0x27C3 | 0x27C4
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⟅\| | \|⟆\| | 0x27C5 | 0x27C6 | \|⟕\| | \|⟖\| | 0x27D5 | 0x27D6
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⟝\| | \|⟞\| | 0x27DD | 0x27DE | \|⟢\| | \|⟣\| | 0x27E2 | 0x27E3
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⟤\| | \|⟥\| | 0x27E4 | 0x27E5 | \|⟦\| | \|⟧\| | 0x27E6 | 0x27E7
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⟨\| | \|⟩\| | 0x27E8 | 0x27E9 | \|⟪\| | \|⟫\| | 0x27EA | 0x27EB
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⦃\| | \|⦄\| | 0x2983 | 0x2984 | \|⦅\| | \|⦆\| | 0x2985 | 0x2986
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⦇\| | \|⦈\| | 0x2987 | 0x2988 | \|⦉\| | \|⦊\| | 0x2989 | 0x298A
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⦋\| | \|⦌\| | 0x298B | 0x298C | \|⦍\| | \|⦐\| | 0x298D | 0x2990
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⦏\| | \|⦎\| | 0x298F | 0x298E | \|⦑\| | \|⦒\| | 0x2991 | 0x2992
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⦓\| | \|⦔\| | 0x2993 | 0x2994 | \|⦕\| | \|⦖\| | 0x2995 | 0x2996
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⦗\| | \|⦘\| | 0x2997 | 0x2998 | \|⧀\| | \|⧁\| | 0x29C0 | 0x29C1
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⧄\| | \|⧅\| | 0x29C4 | 0x29C5 | \|⧏\| | \|⧐\| | 0x29CF | 0x29D0
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⧑\| | \|⧒\| | 0x29D1 | 0x29D2 | \|⧔\| | \|⧕\| | 0x29D4 | 0x29D5
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⧘\| | \|⧙\| | 0x29D8 | 0x29D9 | \|⧚\| | \|⧛\| | 0x29DA | 0x29DB
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⧸\| | \|⧹\| | 0x29F8 | 0x29F9 | \|⧼\| | \|⧽\| | 0x29FC | 0x29FD
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⨫\| | \|⨬\| | 0x2A2B | 0x2A2C | \|⨭\| | \|⨮\| | 0x2A2D | 0x2A2E
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⨴\| | \|⨵\| | 0x2A34 | 0x2A35 | \|⨼\| | \|⨽\| | 0x2A3C | 0x2A3D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⩤\| | \|⩥\| | 0x2A64 | 0x2A65 | \|⩹\| | \|⩺\| | 0x2A79 | 0x2A7A
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⩽\| | \|⩾\| | 0x2A7D | 0x2A7E | \|⩿\| | \|⪀\| | 0x2A7F | 0x2A80
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪁\| | \|⪂\| | 0x2A81 | 0x2A82 | \|⪃\| | \|⪄\| | 0x2A83 | 0x2A84
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪋\| | \|⪌\| | 0x2A8B | 0x2A8C | \|⪑\| | \|⪒\| | 0x2A91 | 0x2A92
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪓\| | \|⪔\| | 0x2A93 | 0x2A94 | \|⪕\| | \|⪖\| | 0x2A95 | 0x2A96
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪗\| | \|⪘\| | 0x2A97 | 0x2A98 | \|⪙\| | \|⪚\| | 0x2A99 | 0x2A9A
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪛\| | \|⪜\| | 0x2A9B | 0x2A9C | \|⪡\| | \|⪢\| | 0x2AA1 | 0x2AA2
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪦\| | \|⪧\| | 0x2AA6 | 0x2AA7 | \|⪨\| | \|⪩\| | 0x2AA8 | 0x2AA9
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪪\| | \|⪫\| | 0x2AAA | 0x2AAB | \|⪬\| | \|⪭\| | 0x2AAC | 0x2AAD
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪯\| | \|⪰\| | 0x2AAF | 0x2AB0 | \|⪳\| | \|⪴\| | 0x2AB3 | 0x2AB4
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪻\| | \|⪼\| | 0x2ABB | 0x2ABC | \|⪽\| | \|⪾\| | 0x2ABD | 0x2ABE
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⪿\| | \|⫀\| | 0x2ABF | 0x2AC0 | \|⫁\| | \|⫂\| | 0x2AC1 | 0x2AC2
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⫃\| | \|⫄\| | 0x2AC3 | 0x2AC4 | \|⫅\| | \|⫆\| | 0x2AC5 | 0x2AC6
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⫍\| | \|⫎\| | 0x2ACD | 0x2ACE | \|⫏\| | \|⫐\| | 0x2ACF | 0x2AD0
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⫑\| | \|⫒\| | 0x2AD1 | 0x2AD2 | \|⫓\| | \|⫔\| | 0x2AD3 | 0x2AD4
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⫕\| | \|⫖\| | 0x2AD5 | 0x2AD6 | \|⫬\| | \|⫭\| | 0x2AEC | 0x2AED
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⫷\| | \|⫸\| | 0x2AF7 | 0x2AF8 | \|⫹\| | \|⫺\| | 0x2AF9 | 0x2AFA
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⸂\| | \|⸃\| | 0x2E02 | 0x2E03 | \|⸄\| | \|⸅\| | 0x2E04 | 0x2E05
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⸉\| | \|⸊\| | 0x2E09 | 0x2E0A | \|⸌\| | \|⸍\| | 0x2E0C | 0x2E0D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⸜\| | \|⸝\| | 0x2E1C | 0x2E1D | \|⸠\| | \|⸡\| | 0x2E20 | 0x2E21
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⸨\| | \|⸩\| | 0x2E28 | 0x2E29 | \|〈\| | \|〉\| | 0x3008 | 0x3009
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|《\| | \|》\| | 0x300A | 0x300B | \|「\| | \|」\| | 0x300C | 0x300D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|『\| | \|』\| | 0x300E | 0x300F | \|【\| | \|】\| | 0x3010 | 0x3011
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|〔\| | \|〕\| | 0x3014 | 0x3015 | \|〖\| | \|〗\| | 0x3016 | 0x3017
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|〘\| | \|〙\| | 0x3018 | 0x3019 | \|〚\| | \|〛\| | 0x301A | 0x301B
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|〝\| | \|〞\| | 0x301D | 0x301E | \|︗\| | \|︘\| | 0xFE17 | 0xFE18
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|︵\| | \|︶\| | 0xFE35 | 0xFE36 | \|︷\| | \|︸\| | 0xFE37 | 0xFE38
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|︹\| | \|︺\| | 0xFE39 | 0xFE3A | \|︻\| | \|︼\| | 0xFE3B | 0xFE3C
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|︽\| | \|︾\| | 0xFE3D | 0xFE3E | \|︿\| | \|﹀\| | 0xFE3F | 0xFE40
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|﹁\| | \|﹂\| | 0xFE41 | 0xFE42 | \|﹃\| | \|﹄\| | 0xFE43 | 0xFE44
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|﹇\| | \|﹈\| | 0xFE47 | 0xFE48 | \|﹙\| | \|﹚\| | 0xFE59 | 0xFE5A
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|﹛\| | \|﹜\| | 0xFE5B | 0xFE5C | \|﹝\| | \|﹞\| | 0xFE5D | 0xFE5E
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|（\| | \|）\| | 0xFF08 | 0xFF09 | \|＜\| | \|＞\| | 0xFF1C | 0xFF1E
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|［\| | \|］\| | 0xFF3B | 0xFF3D | \|｛\| | \|｝\| | 0xFF5B | 0xFF5D
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|｟\| | \|｠\| | 0xFF5F | 0xFF60 | \|｢\| | \|｣\| | 0xFF62 | 0xFF63
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⟮\| | \|⟯\| | 0x27EE | 0x27EF | \|⸤\| | \|⸥\| | 0x2E24 | 0x2E25
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⟬\| | \|⟭\| | 0x27EC | 0x27ED | \|⸢\| | \|⸣\| | 0x2E22 | 0x2E23
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
\|⸦\| | \|⸧\| | 0x2E26 | 0x2E27 |  |  |  |
--------+---------+---------+---------+--------+---------+---------+---------
=end table


Z<This file was created by program '/util/create-brackets-table.raku'>


Information about the people working on and using Raku


Community


Frequently asked questions about Raku


FAQ


Glossary of Raku terminology


Glossary


An easy-to-use markup language for documenting Raku modules and programs


Pod6


Valid, invalid, and unexpected tables


Pod6 tables


Raku terms


Terms


Writing and running tests in Raku


Testing


Traps to avoid when getting started with Raku


Traps to avoid


Valid opening/closing paired delimiters


Brackets


A comparison of special variables in Perl and Raku


A (hopefully) comprehensive list of Perl Special Variables with their Raku
equivalents with notes on variations between them where necessary.


This document is an attempt to guide the reader from the
I<Special Variables> in Perl to their equivalents in Raku.
For full documentation on the Raku I<Special Variables>,
please see the Raku documentation for each of them.


X<|Other languages,Special Variables (Perl)>


Thankfully, C<$_> is the general default variable as in Perl. The
main difference in Raku is that you can now call methods on
it. For instance, Perl's C<say $_> can be rendered in Raku as
C<$_.say>. Furthermore, as it is the default variable, you don't even
need to use the variable name. The previous example can also be
achieved by using C<.say>.


As Raku now has function signatures, your arguments can go there, rather
than depending on C<@_> for them. In fact, if you use a function signature, use
of C<@_> will spit at you telling it cannot override an existing signature.


If, however, you do not use a function signature, C<@_> will contain the
arguments you pass to the function as it did in Perl. Again, as with C<$_>,
you can call methods on it. Unlike C<$_> you cannot assume C<@_> as the
default variable for those methods to operate on (i. e. C<@_.shift> works,
C<.shift> does not).


X<$LIST_SEPARATOR, $"|Other languages,$" (Perl)>


Currently, there is no equivalent of the List Separator variable in Raku.
Design document L<S28|https://design.raku.org/S28.html> says there isn't one,
so you probably don't want to hold your breath.


X<$PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$|Other languages,$$ (Perl)>


X<$PROGRAM_NAME, $0|Other languages,$0 (Perl)>


You can access the program name in Raku via C<$*PROGRAM-NAME>.


Note: C<$0> in Raku is the variable holding the first captured value from a
regexp match (i. e. capture variables now start from C<$0> rather than C<$1>).


In Raku the group information is handled by C<$*GROUP>,
which holds an object of type L<C<IntStr>|/type/IntStr>
and therefore can be used either within a string
or a numeric context.
The group id is therefore obtained via C<+$*GROUP>, while the
group name via C<~$*GROUP>.


The effective group id does not appear to be currently provided by Raku.


In Raku the user information is handled by C<$*USER>,
which holds an object of type L<C<IntStr>|/type/IntStr>
and therefore can be used either within a string
or a numeric context (this is similar to how the group
information is handled by the C<$*GROUP> object).
The user id is therefore obtained via C<+$*USER>, while the
username via C<~$*USER>.


The effective user id is not provided by Raku.


The subscript separator variable is not included in Raku. Frankly, if your
Perl code is using this, it's almost certainly really, really old.


C<$a> and C<$b> have no special meaning in Raku. C<sort()> does not
use them for anything special. They're just regular old variables.


This feature has been extended by having blocks with placeholder
parameters which are more versatile. Placeholder variables are created
with the C<^> twigil (e. g. C<$^z>. They can be used in a bare block or
in a subroutine without an explicit parameter list. The arguments to
the block are assigned to the placeholder variables in their Unicode
order. I. e. even if the variables appear in the block in the order
C<($^q, $^z, $^a)>, they will be I<assigned> in the order C<($^a, $^q,
$^z)>. Ergo:


code

=begin code
sort { $^a cmp $^z }, 1, 5, 6, 4, 2, 3;
# OUTPUT: «(1 2 3 4 5 6)␤»
sort { $^g cmp $^a }, 1, 5, 6, 4, 2, 3;
# OUTPUT: «(6 5 4 3 2 1)␤»
for 1..9 { say $^c, $^a, $^b; last }
# OUTPUT: «312␤»
=end code


For more on placeholder variables, see
L<this page|/language/variables#The_^_twigil>


%ENV has been replaced by %*ENV in Raku. Note that the keys of this hash may
not be exactly the same between Perl and Raku. For example,
C<OLDPWD> is missing from Raku's %ENV.


The running version of Raku is kept by C<$*RAKU> special variable, that is an object.
The running version is retrieved via C<$*RAKU.version>, which returns something
like C<v6.d>; the full stringified version of the Raku interpreter is obtained
via C<$*RAKU.gist>, which returns something like C<Raku (6.d)>.


[NEEDS FURTHER RESEARCH] A bit confusing at this point. Design doc S28
indicates that C<@F> in Perl is replaced by C<@_> in Raku, but it's
unclear just how that works. On the other hand, it's currently something of a
moot point, as the Perl to Raku Translation doc indicates that the C<-a>
and C<-F> command-line switches are not yet implemented in rakudo.


No longer exists in Raku.  Please use "use lib" to manipulate the
module repositories to be searched.  The closest thing to @INC is
really $*REPO.  But that works completely differently from @INC mostly
because of the precompilation capabilities of Raku.


# Print out a list of compunit repositories
.say for $*REPO.repo-chain;


No longer exists in Raku.  Because each Repository is responsible for
remembering which modules have been loaded already. You can get a list
of all loaded modules (compilation units) like so:


How do I do what I used to do? (Raku in a nutshell)


Perl to Raku guide - in a nutshell


How do I do what I used to do?


Perl to Raku guide - overview


Builtin functions in Perl to Raku


Perl to Raku guide - functions


Operators in Perl to Raku: equivalencies and variations


Perl to Raku guide - operators


Syntactic differences between Perl and Raku


Perl to Raku guide - syntax


Learning Raku from Haskell, in a nutshell


Haskell to Raku - nutshell


Learning Raku from Node.js, in a nutshell


JavaScript (Node.js) to Raku - nutshell


Learning Raku from Python, in a nutshell


Python to Raku - nutshell


Learning Raku from Ruby, in a nutshell: what do I already know?


Ruby to Raku - nutshell


Perl to Raku guide - special variables


The Raku Knowledge Base


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About the docs

Structure

Generating HTML from Pod

Contributing

See Also